Genome sequence of a
45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia
Abstract
We present
the high-quality genome sequence of a ~45,000-year-old modern human male from
Siberia. This individual derives from a population that lived before—or
simultaneously with—the separation of the populations in western and eastern
Eurasia and carries a similar amount of Neanderthal ancestry as present-day
Eurasians. However, the genomic segments of Neanderthal ancestry are
substantially longer than those observed in present-day individuals, indicating
that Neanderthal gene flow into the ancestors of this individual occurred
7,000–13,000 years before he lived. We estimate an autosomal mutation rate of
0.4 × 10−9 to 0.6 × 10−9 per site per
year, a Y chromosomal mutation rate of 0.7 × 10−9 to
0.9 × 10−9 per site per year based on the additional
substitutions that have occurred in present-day non-Africans compared to this
genome, and a mitochondrial mutation rate of 1.8 × 10−8 to
3.2 × 10−8 per site per year based on the age of the bone.
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